Passive voice

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive Level: lower intermediate

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Simple Present	Active:	Rita	writes	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is written	by Rita.
Simple Past	Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was written	by Rita.
Present Perfect	Active:	Rita	has written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	has been written	by Rita.
Future I	Active:	Rita	will write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will be written	by Rita.
Hilfsverben	Active:	Rita	can write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	can be written	by Rita.

Conditional Sentences

Definition:

Conditional (sentence presupposition) explains that an activity contrary to other activities. The most common conditional is Real and Unreal Conditonal Conditonal, sometimes also called if-clauses.

Real Conditional (often also called the conditional Type I) which described the assume-if in accordance with the facts.

Unreal Conditional (often also referred to as Conditional Type II) which describes the supposition that no real or imaginative.

There is also conditional that the 3rd which is often referred to as Conditional Type III, is used as a regret that happened in the past and the zero conditional, used to express something that is definitely true.

Note: If the clause "if " is placed at the beginning of a sentence, we must use a comma. Conversely, if the clause "if " is behind, then there should be no comma

 Zero Conditional

Used to express general truths. Used Tense Simple Present Tense usually

Example:

     * If you drop an apple, it falls. = An apple falls, if you drop it.
     * If you do not do your homework, I will from be disappointed. = I will from be disappointed, if you do not do your homework.

Note: In this type, if often replaced with "Pls"

Conditional I

Used to express supposition based on the facts in the present or the future and this modality could happen. If the clause is usually in the form of the Simple Present Tense.

Note: We never use a will, or will not in the IF clause.

Example:

     * If I have time today, I will from my phone friend. = I will from phone my friend, if I have time today.
     * If I go to England, I will from buy Some Cheddar cheese. = I will from buy Some Cheddar cheese, if I go to England.

 Conditional Type II

Used to express an unreal situation in the present or the future. This type is used to express a hope. Tenses used in the IF clause is the Simple Past Tenses.

 Note: Do not use or wouldn't Would the IF clause.

Example:

If I were the resource you, I wouldn't do that. = I wouldn't do that, if I were the resource you.

If i had more time, I would do more on my websites. = I would do more on my websites, if i had more time.

Conditional Type III

Used to express a condition in the past are not likely to happen again. Often used to criticize or regret. Tenses used in the IF clause is the Past Perfect Tense.

NOTE: Do not use Would have or wouldn't have, etc. in Clause IF.

Example:

     * If I hadn't helped you, Would you have failed. = You Would have failed, if I hadn't helped you.
     * If it Had been sunny, We Could have gone out. = We Could have gone out, if it Had been.

Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause also called a relative clause is Clause (clause) used / function as an adjective a noun or pronoun to explain the situation. For more details,explanationabout Adjective Clause , see explanationbelow :

Example:

     * I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.

       Main Clause: I have read the book.
       Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.

Noun clause describes the book, called Adjective Clause

     * The lesson (that) she is learning is very Difficult.

       Main Clause: The lesson is very Difficult.
       Subordinate Clause: (that) she is learning.

Based on the antecedent which is appointed by the Introductory words (the words of his predecessor), Adjective Clause can be classified into 2 types, namely:

1. Relative pronoun

     * Those Pronouns

       Liaison word used is: Who, Whom, Whose, That

       Function:

       a. Subject:

       - He paid the money to The Man Who / That Had done the work

       b. Object Working Words:

       - He paid the man whom / That Had he hired.

       c. Object Search Home:

       - He paid the man from whom he borrowed the money Had.

       d. Replace the word belongs:

       - This is the girl whose picture you saw.

     * Objects, Animals

       Liaison word used is: Which, that

       Function:

       a. Subject:

       - Here is a book of the which / That describes animals.

       b. Object Working Words:

       - The chair of the which / That he broke is being repaired.

       c. Object Search Home:

       - She was wearing the coat for the which Had she paid $ 2.00.

2. Relative adverbs

     * Time

       Liaison word used: Pls

       - This is the year Pls the Olympic Games are held.

     * Place

       Liaison word used: Nowhere

       - Here is the house WHERE I live.

     * Reason

       Liaison word used: Pls

       - Give me one good reason why you did that.

* Description:

      The first example illustrates that Henry has more than 1 wife. In this sentence the speaker wants to identify his wife who worked at the Bank, not the other.

      While in the second sentence, we are clear, if Alex had only 1 man and wife. Phrases that are in between commas only provide additional information only. Without that phrase any other person already knows that his wife Alex was working in a bank because it was her only one.

      Consider the following example for more details on the use of commas in the Adjective Clause.

          o Sukarno, Who is the first president of Republic of Indonesia, Could deliver speech well.

Differences between Adjective Clause and Noun Clause

Because of the similarities in a few words his predecessor, so sometimes between Noun Clause Adjective Clause and often confusing.

There are 2 kinds of important differences between these two types of Clause: consider the following example:

    * Adjective Clause is usually preceded by a noun or pronoun that is explained.

      Adjective Clause

          o I know the house he lives Nowhere.
      (Nowhere has the antecedent he lives the house, which is the object of the word know)

      Noun Clause

          o WHERE I know he lives.
      (Nowhere he lives is the object of the word know)

Introductory word preceding the preposition belongs Adjective Noun Clause and Clause does not belong.

Adjective Clause

    * The woman to whom he has been giving money is a poor relative of his.

(Adjective Clause starts with to which is the form of a prepositional phrase with whom Adjective Clause in it. And To to be placed in the back of the Adjective Clause. The woman, whom he has been giving money to, is a poor relative of his).

Noun Clause

    * He Gives money to whoever needs it.

(The Noun Clause begins with whoever, all the Noun Clause it is an object of to, which can not be moved is located. And also, ever-is the only form of holding (to follow) with a Noun Clause.